Organic Practical Setup 8. Recrystallisation of organic solids.

2-methyl-2-chloropropane is produced by the reaction of concentrated hydrochloric acid with 2-methyl-propan-2-ol. The product is then purified by solvent extraction and simple distillation.

In this video I look at the use of the two main reducing agents employed in organic chemistry. These are lithium aluminium hydride (lithal) and sodium borohydride. I outline the mechanism (nucleophilic addition) in which hydride ions react with C=O groups to form alcohols via alkoxide intermediates. I compare the reactivities of the two reducing agents and discuss the explosive risks associated with using lithium aluminium hydride with protic solvents such as water or methanol. A practical setup, that could be used to reduce aldehydes and ketone with lithal, is presented at the end. It is one in a series of short videos looking at the main organic practical techniques: heat & distill; reflux distillation; washing and drying in solvent extraction; recrystallisation and melting point determination; and others

Coagulation is the process by which blood forms clots

This lesson will define and explain elements by looking at experiments. The given information will assist in looking at different elements, like solid, liquid and gas. This lesson will show examples to give a step by step explanation of spring analogy and better explain the concept.

Understanding molar solubility.