How oxygen, nitrogen and carbon make covalent bonds

In this video lesson, Mr. Scullion demonstrates a reacting mass problem with volume of carbon dioxide. Try the problem out on your own prior to finding out the solution.

How to build Lewis Dot Structures for Covalent molecules or Molecular Compounds.

We start with limestone, heating it strongly for 1 hour. The quicklime formed is reacted (slaked) with cold water to form slaked lime (LIME). This is calcium hydroxide. A suspension of this in water is filtered giving a very dilute solution of the hydroxide as the filtrate. This is limewater. Carbon dioxide is bubbled through the limewater until it goes cloudy and then clear again. Insoluble calcium carbonate and then soluble calcium hydrogen carbonate are formed in turn. The hydrogen carbonate solution is warmed and goes cloudy, due to thermal decomposition back into calcium carbonate.

This video takes a fairly in-depth look at the formation of sigma and pi bonds in carbon compounds. It addresses both sp3 and sp2 hybridisation, using them to explain the shapes and stabilities of the molecules involved: methane, ethene and benzene.

In this video lesson, Mr. Scullion demonstrates a reacting mass problem involving sodium carbonate. Try the problem out on your own prior to finding out the solution.